Ed Feil<\/strong><\/p>\nGe\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda s\u00fcratli yay\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fka korona vir\u00fcs\u00fc varyant\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da ve Brezilya\u2019da g\u00f6zlemlendi. Daha yak\u0131n vakitte, Hindistan, ABD ve \u00f6teki yerlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen varyantlar tasaya neden oluyor. Bu varyantlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 salg\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 uzun vadeli bir sava\u015f\u0131n habercisi mi, yoksa vir\u00fcs \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden evrimle\u015fme halinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p hareket yaparak daha m\u00fclayim endemik bir patojen olarak durulacak m\u0131?<\/p>\n
Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn evrimsel gidi\u015fat\u0131 ve bilhassa de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler hakk\u0131ndaki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler, her vakit belirsizlikle ziyan g\u00f6recek. Rastgele mutasyona u\u011frayan RNA\u2019n\u0131n kestirilemezli\u011fi, bula\u015fmada ve yay\u0131lmada g\u00f6r\u00fclen karma\u015f\u0131k modeller ve do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin k\u0131smen anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7leri, en bilgili evrim k\u00e2hinine bile meydan okuyor. Tekrar de, yerle\u015fik evrimsel kavramlar, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kendisinden edinilen datalar\u0131n zenginli\u011fi ile birle\u015ftirilerek en az\u0131ndan birtak\u0131m g\u00f6stergeler sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n
Covid-19\u2019a neden olan SARS-Cov-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fc, insanlara belirlenemeyen bir hayvan konak\u00e7\u0131dan bula\u015f\u0131yor, bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc yaparak da maniler, tehditler, \u00e7\u0131kmazlar ve \u00e7ok ender olsa da f\u0131rsatlarla dolu yeni bir evrimsel etaba ge\u00e7iyor. Bu evreyi anlamak ve \u00f6l\u00e7mek g\u00fc\u00e7. Can s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir halde \u00e7ok boyutlu bir kademe, sonlar\u0131 ve topografileri bir\u00e7ok ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlemlenebilir.<\/p>\n
SAMANYOLU’NUN GEN\u0130\u015eL\u0130\u011e\u0130NE E\u015e PAHA<\/b><\/p>\n
Kolay bir giri\u015f noktas\u0131, genom s\u0131ralamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst sonlar\u0131n\u0131 yahut mutasyonun hudutlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurur. Diyelim ki SARS-Cov-2 genomu 30 bin \u00fcnite uzunlu\u011funda olsun, bunlar\u0131n her biri de d\u00f6rt temel (adenin, sitozin, guanin ve urasil) taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f olsun. Bunun sonucunda bir kentilyondan fazla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn genom s\u0131ralamas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r; bu da kabaca Samanyolu\u2019nun metre \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde geni\u015fli\u011fine e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
Lakin bu matematiksel hudut, biyolojiyi hesaba katmaz bu y\u00fczden de b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle i\u015fe yaramazd\u0131r. Bu varsay\u0131msal genomlar, bula\u015fabilen ve kendisini kopyalayabilen bir vir\u00fcs\u00fc az bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla \u015fifrelendirecektir. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn d\u00fczene\u011fini ayakta tutmak i\u00e7in gereken bu temel ihtiya\u00e7, asl\u0131nda iyi bir haber. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn fonksiyonunu ayakta tutan evrimsel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ne kadar \u00e7abuk ve ne kadar iyi ahenk sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Daha da iyi haberler var. SARS-CoV-2 genomundaki mutasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tehditlere ait uzman yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n birden fazla g\u00f6reli olarak iyimser, bu da genomdaki mutasyonlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ya \u00e7ok az ya da fonksiyonel sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Mutasyonal alanda vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kuramsal olarak ke\u015ffedebilece\u011fi \u00e7ok say\u0131da yollar olabilecekken, bu alan\u0131n neredeyse hepsi fonksiyonel bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 yerde. Geriye kalan\u0131n bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n da vir\u00fcs\u00fcn nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7ok az ilgisi var. Mutasyonlar\u0131n birden fazla zarars\u0131zken mutasyonal alan\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerinde, mikroskobik noktalar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki mikroskobik noktalar \u00fczere \u00e7ok az genomik de\u011fi\u015fimler, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yenilenmesine m\u00fcsaade veriyor.<\/p>\n
SARS-CoV-2 NE KADAR S\u00dcRATL\u0130 EVR\u0130MLE\u015e\u0130YOR?<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u00fcm genom dizileme, SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin ke\u015ffine \u015fahit olmam\u0131z i\u00e7in mutasyonal alan arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bize ara\u00e7lar sundu. Genomun ortalama olarak ayda bir yahut iki mutasyon geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini biliyoruz, ki genomun boyutu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu, grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcnden yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt kat daha yava\u015f. Bu da, yayg\u0131n olarak iyi bir haber olarak yorumland\u0131. Buradaki mant\u0131k, istikrarl\u0131 bir genomun a\u015f\u0131lardan ka\u00e7mas\u0131 yahut \u00f6teki genetik hileler yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in vir\u00fcse daha az f\u0131rsatlar sunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2018\u0130ngiliz varyant\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 (di\u011fer isimleriyle \u2018Kent varyant\u0131\u2019 \/ B117 yahut 201\/501Y.V1) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 dikkate k\u0131ymetti ve ak\u0131llar\u0131 ba\u015fa getirdi. Genom dizilimi bilgileri, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe nazaran tek seferde 23 mutasyon ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini ortaya koydu. Bu mutasyonlar\u0131n bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n evrimsellikle \u00e7ok az ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 var ama ba\u015fkalar\u0131 bu varyant\u0131n yay\u0131lma oran\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015ftan sorumlu.<\/p>\n
Bu neden ve nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti? Vir\u00fcs bir insan konak\u00e7\u0131 i\u00e7inde kendini kopyalarken mutasyona u\u011fruyor. Bu mutasyonlar, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi de dahil, insan h\u00fccreleriyle etkile\u015fim yollar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. \u0130ngiliz varyant\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetersiz tek bir hastadaki uzun vadeli bir enfeksiyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olabilir. Antikorlarla y\u00fckl\u00fc konvalesan plazma tedavisi ile haftalar sonra do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma i\u00e7inde bu varyant\u0131n se\u00e7ilip ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanabilirdi.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer benzeri evrim patlamalar\u0131 da g\u00f6zlemlendi. Yak\u0131nlarda Tanzanya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u2018\u015f\u00fcpheli varyant\u2019 34 ba\u015fka mutasyona sahip. Farkl\u0131 SARS-CoV-2 genomlar\u0131n\u0131n bir ortaya gelerek bir melez olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gen olu\u015fumlar\u0131 da g\u00f6zlemlendi. Bu hadiseler ender olsa da potansiyel evrimsel de\u011ferleri g\u00f6z gerisi edilmemelidir. Nispeten yava\u015f ortalamas\u0131 olan bir mutasyon oran\u0131, otomatik olarak yava\u015f bir evrimsel orana tekab\u00fcl etmez.<\/p>\n
B\u0130R\u00c7O\u011eU \u00c7A\u011eRILDI LAK\u0130N \u00c7OK AZI SE\u00c7\u0130LD\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0130ngiltere varyant\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olan k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m, muhtemelen vir\u00fcs\u00fc tedavi edici antikorlardan (konvalesan plazmadan) korumak i\u00e7in evrimsel bir bask\u0131yd\u0131. Bunun en bariz sonucu, konaklar ortas\u0131ndaki bula\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclen art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimiydi. Bu da g\u00f6steriyor ki birebir mutasyonlar e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak vir\u00fcse \u00e7oklu avantajlar sa\u011fl\u0131yor, bu olgu \u2018pleiotropi\u2019 [tek bir genin birden fazla fenotipik \u00f6zelli\u011fi etkilemesi\/\u00e7.n.] olarak biliniyor.<\/p>\n
Biyolojik sistemleri tam olarak anlayamasak da genom diziliminden gelen datalara nazaran aday mutasyonlar\u0131 basit\u00e7e tan\u0131mlayabiliriz; zira salg\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tekrar tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Mutasyonun kendisi k\u00f6r bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olsa da, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim tekrar tekrar bu t\u0131pk\u0131 mutasyonlar\u0131 se\u00e7ti. Bu da \u2018yak\u0131nsak evrim\u2019 olarak biliniyor.<\/p>\n
Bu bir d\u00fczine kadar mutasyon, farkl\u0131 kombinasyonlar i\u00e7inde, b\u00fct\u00fcn varyantlar\u0131n karakterini tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. Hepsi de, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn insan h\u00fccrelerine tutunan kesimi ba\u015fak proteinini de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu mutasyonlar\u0131n sonucu olarak artan olay say\u0131s\u0131na ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere kar\u015f\u0131n, bu t\u0131p mutasyonlar\u0131n toplam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu olgusundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc avuntu duyabilir miyiz?<\/p>\n
Tahminen de. Ancak vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri, muhtemelen yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcnferit mutasyonlar taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmiyor. Bu kombinasyonal bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 apans\u0131z vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in potansiyel olarak verimli mutasyonal alanlar a\u00e7\u0131yor. Az m\u00fcnferit olaylar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn salg\u0131n\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fi, bize denetimsiz bula\u015f\u0131n tehlikeleri konusunda bir ikaz niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yor. Ne kadar \u00e7ok piyango bileti al\u0131n\u0131rsa o kadar kazanma talihi olur; birebir halde, enfekte olan insan say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a yeni varyantlara yol a\u00e7an az evrimsel olaylar da artacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yeni varyantlar ulusal hudutlar\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131yor ve evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7 olsa da, a\u00e7\u0131k olan bir \u015fey var: Evrimsel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, global hadise say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutmak mecburidir.<\/p>\n
\nYaz\u0131n\u0131n yepyenisi The Conversation sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00c7eviren: Serdar Ayg\u00fcn)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\nGazete Duvar<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ed Feil Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda s\u00fcratli yay\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fka korona vir\u00fcs\u00fc varyant\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da ve Brezilya\u2019da g\u00f6zlemlendi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":73697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[6594,6726,1364,1076,6037],"class_list":["post-73696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-genom","tag-icin","tag-mutasyon","tag-tek","tag-varyanti"],"yoast_head":"\n
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