David Nield<\/strong><\/p>\nBe\u015ferler on binlerce y\u0131l evvel ma\u011faralarda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve ma\u011faralar\u0131 bug\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7ok di\u011fer yollarla ke\u015ffettiler. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f el fenerlerine sahip olmasalar da bu b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn karanl\u0131kta ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 manas\u0131na gelmiyordu. Bir k\u00fcme ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, kaya sanat\u0131ndan toplumsalla\u015fmaya var\u0131ncaya kadar antik ma\u011faralarda s\u00fcren hayata ait daha fazla bilgi edinmek gayesiyle \u00fc\u00e7 yayg\u0131n antik ayd\u0131nlatma tekni\u011fini yine yaratt\u0131: Bunlar me\u015faleler, ya\u011f lambalar\u0131 ve odun ate\u015fiydi.<\/p>\n
ELL\u0130 B\u0130N YILLIK TEKN\u0130KLER<\/b><\/p>\n
Tekniklerin her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 bin y\u0131l evvel ba\u015flayan \u00dcst Paleolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ara\u015ft\u0131rma tak\u0131m\u0131, daha sonra ayd\u0131nlatma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya ge\u00e7irdi ve bu ayd\u0131nlatma kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130spanya\u2019daki Isuntza-1 Ma\u011faras\u0131 i\u00e7indeki etkinliklerini inceledi. <\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar yay\u0131nlad\u0131klar\u0131 makalede, \u201c\u0130nsanlar [\u2026] ma\u011faralar\u0131n derin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa gereksinim duyarlar ve bu yerlere ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri ziyaretler de ayd\u0131nlatma sistemlerinin fizik\u00ee \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diyorlar: \u201cI\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, tesir yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131ma \u00e7e\u015fidi ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n renk s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, etraf\u0131n alg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ma\u011fara i\u00e7indeki (bir sanat\u0131n icra edilmesi, cenaze merasimleri ve ma\u011faran\u0131n ke\u015ffedilmesi gibi) insani faaliyetler \u00fczerinde belirleyicidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ma\u011faray\u0131, arkeolojik yap\u0131tlardan esinlenerek \u00fcretilen sarma\u015f\u0131k, ard\u0131\u00e7, me\u015fe, hu\u015f a\u011fac\u0131 ve \u00e7am re\u00e7inelerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f be\u015f me\u015fale, (inek ve geyik kemi\u011fi ili\u011fi gibi) hayvansal ya\u011flar yak\u0131lan iki ya\u011f lambas\u0131 ve me\u015fe ve ard\u0131\u00e7 odunuyla yak\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir odun ate\u015fi \u00fczere sekiz farkl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131yla donatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
HER KAYNAK KEND\u0130NE HAS AVANTAJLARA SAH\u0130P<\/b><\/p>\n
Her bir ayd\u0131nlatma kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ne kadar m\u00fcddetle yand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcrettikleri \u0131s\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, ma\u011fara a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde (iki geni\u015f ve a\u00e7\u0131k alan ile bir t\u00fcnelde) \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n
Odundan yap\u0131lan me\u015faleler etraf\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek ve hareket etmek do\u011frultusunda en kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ara\u00e7 \u00fczere g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131: Yanma m\u00fchletleri uzundu (ortalama 41 dakika), (neredeyse alt\u0131 metre aral\u0131\u011fa kadar) her istikamete \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve sa\u011fa sola sallayarak kolay kolay ate\u015fi harlanabiliyordu. Ne var ki, t\u0131pk\u0131 vakitte \u00e7ok fazla duman \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlar\u0131 daha uzun bir m\u00fcddet ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in en iyi fonksiyon g\u00f6steren ya\u011f lambalar\u0131, \u00e7ok fazla duman \u00e7\u0131karmadan bir saatten fazla yand\u0131; bununla birlikte, \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 me\u015falelerden yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaln\u0131zca yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar aray\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Odun ate\u015fine gelince, \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r duman sebebiyle 30 dakika sonra s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekmi\u015fti; \u00f6te yandan, 6.6 metrelik bir aray\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yordu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ate\u015fin iyi havaland\u0131r\u0131lan bir yerde yak\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da kendi konveksiyon ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini tabir ediyorlar.<\/p>\n
Bu deneyler, bize, \u00dcst Paleolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019de ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n t\u00fcnelleri ke\u015ffetme, ma\u011faralar\u0131n daha derin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda ya\u015fama ve sahiden de ma\u011fara sanat\u0131n\u0131 icra etme mevzular\u0131nda ne \u00fczere k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar alt\u0131nda kalacaklar\u0131 konusunda k\u00e2fi fikir veriyor.<\/p>\n
KAYA SANATI ATE\u015eTEK\u0130 T\u0130TREMELER\u0130 TAKL\u0130T ETT\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n
Ars Technica mecmuas\u0131n\u0131n bildirdi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla, kimi uzmanlar antik ma\u011fara sanat\u0131n\u0131n ziyadesiyle titrek, karars\u0131z bir ayd\u0131nlatma kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 baz alarak tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta \u0131\u015f\u0131ktaki titremeler \u00fczere bir g\u00f6z yan\u0131lsamalar\u0131n\u0131 taklit etmek do\u011frultusunda boyanm\u0131\u015f olabileceklerini sav ediyorlar. Bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131, yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n husus edindi\u011fi bir detay olmasa da ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubu, bu me\u015falelerin, lambalar\u0131n ve odun ate\u015flerinin, Paleolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019e ili\u015fkin sanat yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan \u0130spanya\u2019daki Atxurra ma\u011faras\u0131nda nas\u0131l i\u015f g\u00f6rece\u011fini g\u00f6rmek gayesiyle ayd\u0131nlatma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini kullanarak bir sim\u00fclasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
Me\u015fale ve ya\u011f lambalar\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00e2fi aray\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, ma\u011fara duvarlar\u0131nda bulunan sanat yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatabilmek i\u00e7in odun ate\u015fine gereksinim duyulmu\u015f \u00fczere g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n gerisindeki tak\u0131m, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u0131rf bu t\u0131p bir ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor; atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ma\u011faralarda ge\u00e7en vakitlerini nas\u0131l ge\u00e7irdiklerini daha hakikat anlamak i\u00e7in daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 ve yak\u0131t tipi denenebilir ve daha fazla ortamda deneyler yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, makalelerinde, \u201cPaleolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019deki ayd\u0131nlatmayla ilgili deneylerimiz, bu periyotta ma\u011faralar\u0131n be\u015ferler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik planlama ve atalar\u0131m\u0131zca ma\u011faralar\u0131n derin b\u00f6lgelerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen faaliyetleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ayd\u0131nlatma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ehemmiyetine i\u015faret ediyor\u201d diyorlar.<\/p>\n
\nYaz\u0131n\u0131n yepyenisi Science Alert sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00c7eviren: Tarkan Tufan)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\nGazete Duvar<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
David Nield Be\u015ferler on binlerce y\u0131l evvel ma\u011faralarda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve ma\u011faralar\u0131 bug\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7ok di\u011fer yollarla ke\u015ffettiler. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f el …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":78229,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[491,6640,6980,6726,4171],"class_list":["post-78228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-arastirma","tag-aydinlatma","tag-gibi","tag-icin","tag-magara"],"yoast_head":"\n
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